Page 6 - Alagna_Fici_alii_2015

www.nature.com/scientificreports

16. Sintes, T., Marba `, N., Duarte, C. M. & Kendrick, G. A. Nonlinear processes in 42. Blanchette, C. A., Worcester, S. E., Reed, D. & Holbrook, S. J. Algal morphology,
seagrass colonisation explained by simple clonal growth rules. Oikos 108, 165–175 flow, and spatially variable recruitment of surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi. Mar.
(2005). Ecol.-Prog. Ser. 184, 119–128(1999).
17. Di Carlo, G., Badalamenti, F., Jensen, A., Koch, E. & Riggio, S. Colonisation 43. McConchie, C. A. & Knox, R. B. (1989).Pollination and reproductive biology of
process of vegetative fragments of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile on rubble seagrasses. In: Biology of Seagrasses. A Treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with
mounds. Mar. Biol. 147, 1261–1270 (2005). Special Reference to the Australian Region (eds. Larkum, A. W. D., McComb, A. J.
18. Badalamenti, F., Alagna, A., D’anna, G., Terlizzi, A. & Di Carlo, G. The impact of & Shepherd, S. A.) 74–111 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989).
dredge-fill on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows: Regression and patterns of 44. Koch, E. W., Ailstock, M. S., Booth, D. M., Shafer, D. J. & Magoun, A. D. The role
recovery. Mar. Poll. Bull. 62, 483–489 (2011). of currents and waves in the dispersal of submersed angiosperm seeds and
19. Diaz-Almela, E. et al. Patterns of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) flowering in the
seedlings. Res. Ecol. 18, 4, 584–595 (2010).
Western Mediterranean. Mar. Biol. 148, 723–742 (2006). 45. Eriksson, O. & Ehrle ´n, J. Seed and microsite limitation of recruitment in plant-
20. Buia, M. C. & Mazzella, L. Reproductive phenology of the Mediterranean
populations. Oecologia 91, 3, 360–364 (1992).
seagrasses Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, Cymodocea nodosa Ucria) Aschers, and 46. Mu ¨nzbergova ´, Z. & Herben, T. Seed, dispersal, microsite, habitat and recruitment
Zostera noltii Hornem. Aq. Bot. 40, 4, 343–362 (1991).
limitation: identification of terms and concepts in studies of limitations. Oecologia
21. Calvo, S., Orestano, C. F. & Tomasello, A. Distribution, structure and phenology 145, 1, 1–8 (2005).
of Posidonia oceanica meadows along sicilian coasts. Plant Biosyst 129, 1, 351–356 47. Infantes, E., Orfila, A., Bouma, T. J., Simarro, G. & Terrados, J. Posidonia oceanica
(1995).
22. Procaccini, G., Alberte, R. S. & Mazzella, L. Genetic structure of the seagrass and Cymodocea nodosa seedling tolerance to wave exposure. Limnol. Oceanogr.
Posidonia oceanica in the western Mediterranean: ecological implications. Mar. 56, 2223–2232 (2011).
Ecol.-Prog. Ser. 140, 153–160 (1996). 48. Tomas, F., Turon, X. & Romero, J. Seasonal and small–scale spatial variability of
23. Arnaud-Haond, S. et al. Vicariance patterns in the Mediterranean Sea: east–west herbivory pressure on the temperate seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Mar. Ecol.-
cleavage and low dispersal in the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica. J. Biogeogr. Prog. Ser. 301, 95–107 (2005).
34, 963–976 (2007). 49. Page `s, J. F., Gera, A., Romero, J. & Alcoverro, T. Matrix composition and patch
24. Gambi, M. C. & Guidetti, P. Morphological observation on seedling of Posidonia edges influence plant–herbivore interactions in marine landscapes. Func. Ecol. 28,
oceanica (L.) Delile germinated ‘‘in situ’’ Biol. Mar. Medit. 5, 1, 549–552 (1998). 1440–1448 (2014).
25. Balestri, E., Piazzi, L., & Cinelli, F. Survival and growth of transplanted and natural 50. Connell, S. D., Foster, M. S. & Airoldi, L. What are algal turfs? Towards a better
seedlings of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in a damaged coastal area. J. Exp. Mar. description of turfs. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. 495, 299–307 (2014).
Biol. Ecol. 228, 209–225 (1998). 51. Kawamata, S. Inhibitory effects of wave action on destructive grazing by sea
26. Piazzi, L., Acunto, S. & Cinelli, F. In situ survival and development of Posidonia urchins a review. Bull. Fish. Res. Agen. 32, 95, 102 (2010).
oceanica (L.) Delile seedlings. Aq. Bot. 63, 103–112 (1999). 52. Giakoumi, S., Cebrian, E., Kokkoris, G. D., Ballesteros, E. & Sala, E. Relationships
27. Buia, M. C., Gambi, M. C. & Badalamenti, F. Morpho-chronological observations between fish, sea urchins and macroalgae: The structure of shallow rocky
on seedlings and juvenile shoots of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile collected ‘in situ’ sublittoral communities in the Cyclades, Eastern Mediterranean. Est. Coast. Shel.
in various coastal areas. Biol. Mar. Medit. 9, 1, 600–604 (2002). Sci. 109, 1–10 (2012).
28. Alagna, A., Vega Ferna ´ndez, T., Terlizzi, A. & Badalamenti, F. Influence of 53. Kendrick, G. A. et al. The central role of dispersal in the maintenance and
microhabitat on seedling survival and growth of the mediterranean seagrass persistence of seagrass populations. BioScience 62, 1, 56–65 (2012).
Posidonia oceanica (l.) Delile. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. 119, 119–125 (2013). 54. Eriksson, O. Seedling dynamics and life histories in clonal plants. Oikos 55,
29. Terrados, J., Marı ´n, A. & Celdra ´n, D. Use of Posidonia oceanica seedlings from 231–238 (1989).
beach-cast fruits for seagrass planting. Bota. Mar. 56, 2, 185–195 (2013). 55. Thiede, J. Glacial Mediterranean. Nature 276, 680–683 (1978).
30. Belzunce, M., Navarro, R. M. & Rapoport, H. F. Posidonia oceanica seedling root
structure and development. Aq. Bot. 88, 3, 203–210 (2008).
31. Balestri, E., Piazzi, L. & Cinelli, F. In vitro germination and seedling development
of Posidonia oceanica. Aq. Bot. 60, 83–93(1998). Acknowledgments
32. Belzunce, M., Navarro, R. M. & Rapoport, H. F. Posidonia oceanica seeds from We are grateful to A.M. Mannino for collaboration in laboratory work, to R. Chemello for
drift origin: viability, germination and early plantlet development. Bot. Mar. 51,1,
providing pictures in Fig. 1 and to T.J. Willis for revision of the language.
1–9 (2008).
33. Rivers, D. O., Kendrick, G. A. & Walker, D. I. Microsites play an important role for This paper was inspired by the genius of Silvano Riggio. We wish to thank him for having
stimulated all of us ‘‘to be curious and fascinated by everything’’.
seedling survival in the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 401,
29–35 (2011).
34. Kuo, J. & Cambridge, M. L. Morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of the Author contributions
Australian seagrasses of the genus Posidonia ko¨nig (posidoniaceae). II. Rhizome All authors contributed equally to this work. F.B. designed the study and collected data, F.B.
and root of Posidonia australis Hook. F. Aq. Bot. 5, 191–206 (1978). and S.F. wrote the first draft of the introduction, A.A. wrote the main paper. All authors
35. Kuo, J. & McComb, A. J. Seagrass taxonomy, structure and development. In: discussed the results and implications and commented on the manuscript at all stages.
Biology of Seagrasses. A Treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference
to the Australian Region (eds. Larkum, A. W. D., McComb, A. J. & Shepherd, S. A.)
6–56 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989). Additional information
36. Barnabas, A. D. & Arnott, H. J. Zostera capensis Setchell: Root structure in relation Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
to function. Aq. Bot. 27, 309–322 (1987).
37. Gibbs, R. E. Phyllospadix as a beach-builder. Am. Nat. 442, 36, 101–109 (1902). How to cite this article: Badalamenti, F., Alagna, A. & Fici, S. Evidences of adaptive traits to
38. Rutishauser, R. Structural and developmental diversity in Podostemaceae (river- rocky substrates undermine paradigm of habitat preference of the Mediterranean seagrass
Posidonia oceanica. Sci. Rep. 5, 8804; DOI:10.1038/srep08804 (2015).
weeds). Aq. Bot. 57, 29–70 (1997).
39. Ja¨ger-Zu ¨rn, I. & Grubert, M. Podostemaceae depend on sticky biofilms with
respect to attachment to rocks in waterfalls. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161, 4, 599–607 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
(2000). License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the
40. Braten, T. Observations on mechanisms of attachment in the green alga Ulva article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if
mutabilis Foyn. an ultrastructural and light microscopical study of zygotes and the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need
rhizoids. Protoplasma 84, 161–173(1975). toobtainpermissionfrom the licenseholderinorder toreproduce the material.To
41. Flemming, H. C. & Wingender, J. The biofilm matrix. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8,9, view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
623–633 (2010).

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 5 : 8804 | DOI: 10.1038/srep08804 6