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Mar  Piccolo  Lagoons,  La  Spezia,  Olbia  and  Ortona   Miseno and Sabaudia Lakes (Crocetta et al., 2013) and
           harbours  (Italy),  La  Grande  Motte  marina  (France)   from Tavolara Island (Trainito & Doneddu, 2015). The
           and,  finally,  Heraklion  (Kriti,  Greece)  and  El  Kantaoui   distribution  of  A.  lurana  appears  patchy  and  scattered,
           (Tunisia) harbours (Dailianis et al., 2016; Tempesti et al.,   locally reaching high abundances, and related mainly to
           2016). Its introduction is reputedly related to oyster and   organically enriched environments. Since this species has
           mussel farming; however, there are no shellfish farms in   been observed several years after the beginning of regular
           proximity of the sampling areaand, therefore, shipping is   monitoring of fouling assemblages in the port of Livorno,
           the most likely way of introduction as regards the port of   we  assume  that  it  is  a  recent  arrival.  For  all  species,
           Livorno.                                          shipping is the most likely introduction way (ballast water
              Anteaeolidiella  lurana  is  an  amphiatlantic  species
           with tropical affinity, and it has been reported from the   discharges), although, at least for P. japonica, ship fouling
           Mediterranean Sea, as well as from a few localities in the   might be an introduction way.
           western and eastern Pacific Ocean (Carmona et al., 2014).   These records confirm the importance of the port of
           On the basis of molecular data reported by Carmona et al.   Livorno as an alien species hotspot, raising the number
           (2014) it is impossible to reconstruct the actual origin of   of  reported  alien  and  cryptogenic  benthic  invertebrates
           this species, and therefore we precautionarily consider it   from 21 (Langeneck et al., 2015) to 24. At least two of the
           as cryptogenic in the Mediterranean Sea. Present records   newly recorded species, namely P. japonica and A. lurana,
           confirm the occurrence of this species in the Tyrrhenian   show signals of fast range expansion in the Mediterranean
           Sea, where the species has already been reported from the   Sea (Tempesti et al., 2016).



















































           Fig. 5: Alien and cryptogenic species newly reported from the port of Livorno. A, B, C: Syllis pectinans. D: Paranthura japonica.
           E: Anteaeolidiella lurana.






          184                                                                    Medit. Mar. Sci., 18/1, 2017, 179-201
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