Page 18 - HimesAH(2003)

406 A. H. Himes

not be given unless the Regional Council for Fishing (RCF, composed of fishermen, law
enforcers, academics, and scientists) discusses the issue and creates such a decree. In the
EIMR, the Favignana town council could act as the catalyst in convincing the RCF to
increase the number of hours local officers are required to spend patrolling the reserve.
In the GCFR, scientists based at IRMA in the Gulf of Castellammare could act as a
similar catalyst, as the director of IRMA and local fishers are advisors to the RCF. In
both cases, whatever the catalyst, the need for enforcement must be decided upon by the
RCF which then must issue a decree ordering more intense enforcement.

Finally, a commonly agreed definition of “success” must be created by all con-
cerned stakeholders in conjunction with MPA managers, and additional performance
measurements must be designed and tested in each reserve to verify the overall success
of each reserve. These measurements of success should be determined in concert with
the local community, in order to take into account the factors that they find most impor-
tant and in order to address future areas of conflict. At the same time, local or external
scientists can develop ongoing monitoring and in-depth research into the individual defi-
nitions of success and relevant measures of success given by different stakeholder groups
associated with each reserve (Alder et al., 2002).

References

Agardy, T. 1997. Marine protected areas and ocean conservation. Austin, TX: R. G. Landes Company.
Alder, J. 1992. Have six years of marine park public education changed community attitudes and aware-

ness? Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam.
Alder, J., N. A. Sloan, and H. Uktolseya. 1994. A comparison of management planning and implementation

in three Indonesian marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 24:179–398.
Alder, J., R. Sumaila, D. Zeller, and T. Pitcher. 2002. A method for evaluating marine protected area

management. Coastal Management 30:121–131.
Badalamenti, F. A. Ramos, E. Voultsiadou, J. S. Lizaso, G. D’Anna, C. Pipitone, J. Mas, J. R. Fernandez,

D. Whitmarsh, and S. Riggio. 2000. Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine
protected areas. Environmental Conservation 27(2):110–125.
Bertolino, F., S. Lombardo, and A. Santulli. 2001. Valutazione degli effetti dell’istituzione della riserva
naturale marina delle Isole Egadi sulle attivita’di pesca. Istituto di Biologia Marina, Trapani, Italy.
Bohnsack, J. 1993. Marine reserves: They enhance fisheries, reduce conflicts and protect resources. Oceanus
Fall 1993:63–71.
Bohnsack, J. 1998. Marine reserves: Lessons from Florida. Marine Harvest Refugia for West Coast Rock-
fish: A Workshop. August 1998. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Pacific Grove, CA, NOAA.
Brown, D. N., and R. Pomerory. 1999. Co-management of Caribbean Community (CARICOM) fisheries.
Marine Policy, 23(6):549–570.
Chiappone, M., and K. M. Sullivan Sealey. 1998. In review. Evaluating the success of the Exuma Cays
Land and Sea Park, a large marine reserve in the Central Bahamas. 1998 William R. and Lenore
Mote International Symposium: Essential Fish Habitat and Marine Reserves, November 4–6. Sarasota,
FL: Mote Marine Laboratory.
Christie, P., and A. T. White (eds.). 2000. Tropical coastal management. Theme issue, Coastal Manage-
ment, 28:1–122.
Committee on the Evaluation, Design, and Monitoring of Marine Reserves and Protected Areas in the
United States, Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, and the Commission on Geosciences,
Environment, and Resources, 2001. Marine protected areas: Tools for sustaining ocean ecosystems.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Crosby, M. P., A. Abu-Hilal, A. Al-Homoud, J. Erez, and R. Ortal. 2000. Interactions among scientists,
managers and the public in defining research priorities and management strategies for marine and
coastal resources: Is the Red Sea Peace Park a new paradigm? Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 123:581–
594.
Crowder, L. B., S. J. Lyman, W. F. Figueira, and J. Priddy. 2000. Source-sink population dynamics and the
problem of siting marine reserves. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3):799–820.
D’Anna, G., F. Badalamenti, and C. Pipitone. 2001. Rendimenti di pesca sperimentale con tramaglio nel
Golfo di Castellammare dopo otto anni di divieto della pesca a strascico. Biol. Mar. Medit., 8(1):704–
707.