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50° Congresso della Società Italiana di Biologia Marina
Livorno, 10-14 giugno 2019
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Since NIS are likely to continue to expand, and further arrivals are to be expected,
additional management actions should be taken to effectively control IAS (Giakoumi et
al., 2019). For instance, tourism activities (boat anchors, diving, etc.) produce a
constant spillover of new invaders; therefore, specific management strategies should be
implemented to reduce their risk for MPAs. Moreover, the impact and spread of IAS in
MPAs can be controlled by planning regular monitoring activities, creating permanent
observatories, and raising awareness on this issue in tourists and stakeholders.

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