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Proposal APERTURES. PART B Priority6.1.3.1.1.2 - FP6-2005-TREN-4 p 21 of 49
B.3.1 Contributions to standards:
Renewable Energy and Energy storage as well as the power converters required for use in the "Future European
Electricity Network" will be subject to many standards, particularly relating to their interaction with the grid. These
standards ("Grid Codes") vary throughout Europe from country to country and are different depending on whether
connection is at the transmission level, or the distribution level. The main requirements areas of the Grid Codes can
be summarised as:
· Power Quality, including flicker and harmonics
· Frequency/power control
· Voltage support/reactive power consumption
· Performance under fault conditions
· Ramp rate
Regulations such as grid codes are essential to ensure reliable and secure operation of the network, particularly
when there is an increased penetration of distributed (or dispersed) generation, which tends to lead to an electrically
"weak" network. Clearly the increased penetration of DG throughout Europe envisaged, and particularly the
increased use of power converters will amplify these difficulties and significant effort in development of grid codes
and other associated regulations must be undertaken. Some countries (Denmark, Germany and Scotland, for
example) are already developing specific grid codes for connection of renewables (in these cases wind power) - this
trend will increase. Other FP5/FP6 projects (DG-FACTS, EU-DEEP, for example) are addressing these issues. In
addition to these specific regulations, international standardisation issues for power electronics are also relevant, for
example through technical committee CENELEC TC22X for Europe
The APERTURES consortium will seek an active role in these standardisation activities through interacting with
the relevant bodies through its industrial partners and with other appropriate FP5/FP6 consortia
The project will liaise also, when substantial data will be available , with the European Small Island
Network (ESIN) and related institutions as to promote any findings relating to Islanded thematic or/and
standardisation.