Page 11 - MSc_thesis_R A Kil

List of Figures

2.1 Location of Favignana and an illustration showing the age of the researched area. . . . . . 4
2.2 Morphology of the fieldwork area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Overview of the Mediterranean area showing the structures related to the Alpine orogeny. 7

Image from the public domain, free of copyright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 A simplified geological map of Favignana, with a cross section corresponding to the XX’

line in the map. Map and profile are modified after Abate et al. (1997) and Tavarnelli et al.
(2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1 The principle of the apparent dip. By definition, β ≤ α for an apparent dip β and a real
dip α. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 The principle of drilling cores from samples, and the result when the cores were washed
from drilling debris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.3 Schematic overview of the experimental set-up used for the permeability measurements. . 13
3.4 Examples of a calcarenite plug prepared for permeability tests, including the rubber bicycle

inner tyre that serves as a seal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.1 Bed geometries as function of the grain size on the horizontal axis, and the mean flow
velocity on the vertical axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.2 Classification of carbonate grain types by Lees & Buller (1972). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Thin section examples showing fossil content and diagenetic processes. The size of the red

scale bar is respectively 500 µm and 200 µm for the 10x and 4x magnifications. Abrasion
due to the creation of thin sections may have changed the original grain orientations.
Images and interpretation courtesy of Dr. X. Marquez. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4 Examples of fossils as observed in the field. Unless indicated otherwise, hand lenses for scale. 22
4.5 More examples of fossils as observed in the field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.6 Two main types of cross-lamination as observed on Favignana. Note the difference in
geometry visible on the cross section perpendicular to the main flow direction. See also
figure 4.1 for flow regimes. Figure courtesy of Southard (1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.7 Field examples of sedimentary structures outcropping in eastern Favignana. The pho-
tographs illustrate massive calcarenites and parallel- and undulated lamination. . . . . . . 30
4.8 Field examples of scour fills, tabular cross-stratification and large foresets. . . . . . . . . . 31
4.9 Field examples of trough cross-stratification, bioturbation and the (Trubi) clay. . . . . . . 32
4.10 Sedimentary logs from fieldwork at eleven pseudo-well locations, which are illustrated in
the map. Well spacing varies significantly and is therefore not to scale. . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.11 Pie chart data obtained from field observations and facies assemblage. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.12 Overview of palaeo-transport directions as observed in the field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.13 Cross plot showing porosity versus permeability obtained from core analysis of the samples.
Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 describe the laboratory experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.14 Experimental results of the permeability tests on samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.1 Schematic map of the Aegadian islands showing the major transport directions and possible
locations of carbonate generation platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5.2 The well logs from the fieldwork data (figure 4.10) with an interpreted conceptual facies
model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

vii