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ARTICLE IN PRESS
340 A.H. Himes / Ocean & Coastal Management 50 (2007) 329–351
(including products and services) from management, and (6) outcomes (that is,
achievements and changes) derived from those management activities. The category
‘outcomes’ was further divided into four specific areas that reflect the range of answers
provided: increased awareness; economic changes; changes in social behaviors and/or
attitudes; and biological and ecological improvements. Secondly, responses in each
category were divided into indicators of MPA performance.
A description of the management categories and most frequently identified performance
indicators are listed in Tables 3 and 4 to give an indication of how respondents’ priorities
and criteria for success are distributed across various aspects of management. From Table
4 it is noticeable that all stakeholder groups clearly value the planning, output and
outcome aspects of management. With the exception of researchers, a clear majority of
respondents in each stakeholder group nominated a performance indicator in these three
categories. However, while researchers were more concentrated in the outcome category of
indicators, a still relatively large percentage nominated indicators in the output and
planning categories. It is noteworthy that most stakeholders identified performance

Table 3
Explanation of the categories used to code data on visions of performance indicators and proposed management
interventions
Element of Applies to responses Suggested performance Suggested management
management regarding: indicator intervention
Context Overarching contextual No change in current None
issues outside of daily institutional
management that have arrangements
indirect impacts on Politics are not involved
management activities MPA can never be a
success
Planning Planning activities and Management better Management better
plans for managing the organized organized
park, including issues Tourism is better Tourism is connected to
of design and organized the MPA
developing regulations Change regulations Appoint a new
management body
Change regulations,
redraw zone boundaries
Inputs The adequacy and/or None Hire qualified director
appropriateness of More efficient
financial, technical and management
human resources (financially, timely,
needed to manage well needed projects carried
out)
Processes Efficiency and Community involved in Community involved in
appropriateness of management management
processes for making Achieve sustainable Enforcement done by
decisions and development local fishers and
implementing community
management strategies