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togenetic mechanism and the hybrid structure of B. lyn-           BULLINI, L., G. NASCETTI, and A. P. BIANCHI BULLINI. 1984.         Downloaded from http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 9, 2016
ceorum: the former prevents possible exchange during                  A new stick-insect of hybrid origin: Bacillus lynceorum n.
meiosis, and the latter probably reduces the homogeniz-               sp. (Cheleutoptera: Bacillidae). Atti Accad. Lincei Rend. Cl.
ing mechanism during the cell cycle. Furthermore, a re-               Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Sez. VIII 75:169–176.
cent origin of the triploid could explain the low homog-
enization between atticus- and grandii grandii–like               CHARLESWORTH, B., P. SNIEGOWSKI, and W. STEPHAN. 1994.
monomers. On the whole, it is evident that the two par-               The evolutionary dynamics of repetitive DNA in eukary-
thenogens B. atticus and B. lynceorum share the same                  otes. Nature 371:215–220.
outcome of unisexual reproduction but behave differ-
ently in terms of genomic turnover mechanisms and                 CREASE, T. J., and M. LYNCH. 1991. Ribosomal DNA variation
rates mainly in relation to their different origins, with             in Daphnia pulex. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8:620–640.
the automictic B. atticus representing a parthenogenetic
differentiation of an ancestral bisexual species and the          DOVER, G. A. 1986. Molecular drive in multigene families:
apomictic B. lynceorum being an interspecific trihybrid                how biological novelties arise, spread and are assimilated.
taxon. Yet, the very low p-distance value observed for                Trends Genet 2:159–165.
the grandii grandii–like sequences of B. lynceorum
needs to be explained. It would be of interest to inves-          DOVER, G. A., and D. TAUTZ. 1986. Conservation and diver-
tigate whether the level of variability of Bag320 satellite           gence in multigene families: alternative to selection and
sequences in the diploid B. whitei—the other partheno-                drift. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 312:275–
genetic hybrid of the genus—matches that of B. lynceo-                289.
rum grandii grandii–like monomers or that of pure B.
grandii grandii sequences. In the latter instance, a recent       GODAY, C., A. P. BIANCHI BULLINI, G. NASCETTI, and L. BUL-
origin and/or the involvement of very few individuals                 LINI. 1981. Chromosome studies on Bacillus atticus, Bacil-
in the hybridization event(s) could explain the low value             lus rossius and their hybrids (Cheleutoptera, Bacillidae).
found among grandii grandii–like monomers of B. lyn-                  Atti Accad. Lincei Rend. Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. 71:126–
ceorum.                                                               133.

     To summarize, Bag320 sequence analysis of B. lyn-            HILLIS, D. M., C. MORITZ, C. A. PORTER, and R. J. BAKER.
ceorum has definitively demonstrated its trihybrid ori-                1991. Evidence for biased gene conversion in concerted
gin, showing this molecular approach to be a taxonomic                evolution of ribosomal DNA. Science 251:308–310.
tool of basic importance. Moreover, present results,
while supporting bisexuality as a driving force in variant        KIMURA, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolution-
fixation, show that the origin and gametogenetic pro-                  ary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies
cesses of unisexuals may be mirrored in different ge-                 of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16:111–120.
nomic turnover rates.
                                                                  KUMAR, S., K. TAMURA, and M. NEI. 1993. MEGA: molecular
Acknowledgments                                                       evolutionary genetics analysis. Version 1.01. The Pennsyl-
                                                                      vania State Univesity, University Park.
      This research was funded by Italian Ministero
Universita` e Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica and by             LA VOLPE, A. 1994. A repetitive DNA family, conserved
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. I wish to thank all               throughout the evolution of free-living nematodes. J. Mol.
the ‘‘stick insect’’ group: Prof. V. Scali and Drs. S. Man-           Evol. 39:473–477.
aresi, O. Marescalchi, M. Passamonti, and F. Tinti. Spe-
cial thanks to Prof. S. Cavicchi for statistical help and         MANARESI, S., O. MARESCALCHI, and V. SCALI. 1993. The tri-
to the two anonymous referees who, together with C.                   hybrid genome constitution of Bacillus lynceorum (Insecta
Moritz, helped me in revising the manuscript. My work                 Phasmatodea) and its structural-cytogenetic variations. Ge-
is dedicated to the memory of Prof. C. Garavini and A.                nome 36:317–326.
Mantovani.
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