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ARTICLE IN PRESS
M.R. Palombo, M.P. Ferretti / Quaternary International 126–128 (2005) 107–136 125

Fig. 13. (A–B) E. (P.)‘‘mnaidriensis’’ from Grotta Puntali (Palermo; E. mnaidriensis FC, late Middle Pleistocene), MPGP-GP 1, skull; (A) left lateral
view; (B) anterior view. (C–D) E. falconeri from Spinagallo (Siracusa; E. falconeri FC, early Middle Pleistocene), MPR-S4, skull; (C), right lateral
view; (D) anterior view. Scale bar is 20 cm in (A–B) and 10 cm in (C–D).

to early Middle Pleistocene), and Aurelian (late Middle number of local faunas from the Villafranca d’Asti area
Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene) (Gliozzi et al., 1997). (Piedmont) and from central Italy (e.g. S. Giusto, Santa
Barbara, Arcille, and Spoleto). Palaeomagnetic analysis
3.1. Villafranchian at Fornace R.D.B. (Villafranca d’Asti; Lindsay et al.,
1980) and more recent data obtained from the Santa
Based on faunal turnover the Villafranchian LMA Barbara quarry (Upper Valdarno; Torre et al., 1996;
was divided into early, middle and late sub-chrons Albianelli et al., 1997), allow the beginning of the early
(Azzaroli et al., 1988). The early Villafranchian is Villafranchian to be dated at ca. 3.3–3.2 Ma (early
represented in Italy by the Triversa FU, based on a Middle Pliocene). Two proboscideans occur in fossil