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three taxa valid at species level: H. fasciaria (Linnaeus, 1758), H. pinicolaria (Bellier, 1861) and H. compararia
(Staudinger, 1894). Further two taxa were combined to Hylaea, but the genus association was uncertain: H.
squalidaria O. G. Costa, 1848 from southern Italy and H. duponti (Mabille, 1906) from Spain. Prout clearly
mentions (p. 322) that the latter is most likely misplaced in Hylaea.

Wehrli (1929) considered four taxa valid at species level: H. compararia (Staudinger, 1894), H. fasciaria
(Linnaeus, 1758), H. cedricola (Wehrli, 1929) and H. pinicolaria (Bellier, 1861). He also illustrated lateral
photographs of the male genitalia of these four taxa, showing that the morphological differences among the taxa are
minimal. Ellopia duponti Mabille, 1906, which is illustrated in Culot (1919–1920), was proposed to be a junior
synonym of Adalbertia castiliaria (Staudinger, 1900). No original material on H. squalidaria was available for
study, and on the basis of original description (O. G. Costa 1848), Wehrli considered it potentially closely related to
H. compararia.

Later Wehrli (1939–1954) repeated the above-mentioned findings, including a note that no further information
on H. squalidaria has surfaced.

Hylaea has recently been classified to the Ennominae tribe Campaeini (Vives Moreno 1994; Viidalepp 1996;
Leraut 1997; Hausmann et al. 2011).

Material and methods

The study is based on materials housed at the following collections. The type material examined is specified under
each taxon. BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; Fiumi, Private collection of Gabriele
Fiumi, Forlì, Italy; Flamigni, Private collection of Claudio Flamigni, Bologna, Italy; Müller, Private collection of
Bernd Müller, Berlin, Germany; P. Sihvonen, Private collection of Pasi Sihvonen, Veikkola, Finland; Skou, Private
collection of Peder Skou, Vester Skerninge, Denmark; ZMH, Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, Finland;
ZSM, Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany. The study focuses on the Palaearctic taxa of the Hylaea
fasciaria group; the habitus-based definition is given in the introduction. We have excluded the Moroccan H.
poeymiraui (Oberthür, 1922) from this study, because it does not confirm with the habitus-based definition, but we
acknowledge that it is closely related as it shares with the focal group similar male genitalia, including the
aedeagus with an additional arm (illustrated in Leraut 2009).

Distribution maps are based on examination of authentic specimens, and they were created by compiling label
data from collection specimens. These data were supplemented by adding data from recent faunistic inventories of
Norway (Aarvik et al. 2000), Finland (Huldén et al. 2000; Kullberg et al. 2001), the Netherlands (Anonymous
2013), Austria (Huemer & Malicky 2009), Spain (Redondo et al. 2009), United Kingdom (Hill et al. 2011) and
south-western Germany (Ebert 2003). The taxa were delimited on the basis of combining data from morphology,
biology and DNA barcodes. The genitalia and the abdomen were prepared following methods described by
Hardwick (1950). The aedeagus was photographed during dissection, and afterwards the vesica was everted from
the same sample. The method allows documentation of uneverted and everted vesica from a single specimen. The
male vesica was everted via the caecum that was cut open by placing the aedeagus inside a hypodermic syringe
(Sihvonen 2001).

For the DNA analyses, one or two legs were removed from each dried specimen and stored in an individual
tube, which in most cases contained ethanol. DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing of the barcode region
of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene (658 base pairs) were carried out in the Canadian Centre
for DNA Barcoding , Ontario, Canada, using standard high throughput protocols (Ivanova et al. 2006; deWaard et
al. 2008), those are described at CCDB (2013). Sequence divergence within and between species was calculated
using the Kimura 2-parameter model (Kimura 1980) and the neighbour-joining algorithm (Saitou & Nei 1987), as
implemented in BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/).

Results and discussion

The examined material illustrates that in the Palaearctic Hylaea fasciaria group both male and female genitalia are
uniform, differences between the taxa are minute, and these structures were found to be not very informative to

470 · Zootaxa 3768 (4) © 2014 Magnolia Press SIHVONEN ET AL.