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R esearch article
in the tourist-exposed cave without being stressed. According
to the latter interpretation, only individuals which can ‘cope’
better with tourist exposure will nest in the outer cave, while
shyer or more sensitive individuals will breed inside, in the
protected cave. Nevertheless, our data indicate that birds
breeding in the outer cave are more susceptible to novel stress-
ors, which could elicit a much stronger and potentially cata-
strophic response. Clearly, long-term studies on anthropogenic
stress are needed in order to understand the extent of conse-
quences of human activities on animal populations.
Acknowledgements
We thank two anonymous referees for stimulating discussions
that resulted in improvements to the manuscript. We are
grateful to Michael Romero for advice on the experimental
design. We are particularly grateful to Gabriella Soldatini for
making the cloth bags and to Caterina Tuci, Emanuela Canale
and Paolo Lucido for helping in the field. Our thanks goes to
to Dimitri Giunchi and Ana Marichal, whose advice and com-
ments greatly improved the manuscript. This study was con-
ducted under research permits issued by the Marine Protected
Area nos 3/2011 and 1721/2012 and the Regione Siciliana,
Assessorato Risorse Agricole e Alimentari.
Funding
Cecilia Soldatini was involved in the project CICESE 691111.
This study was partially funded by Regione Siciliana,
Assessorato Risorse Agricole e Alimentari.
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