Page 8 - Orecchio_alii_2008

Author's personal copy
ARTICLE IN PRESS

378 S. Orecchio et al. / Environmental Research 107 (2008) 371–379

concentrations loadings and accounted for 45.4% and 14.2%, Acknowledgement
respectively, which collectively accounted for 59.6% of the total
variance. The first factor is mostly weighted by acenaphthylene Financial support by the Universita ` degli Studi di Palermo is
(0.844), acenaphthene (0.929), fluorene (0.935), phenanthrene gratefully acknowledged.
(0.970), anthracene (0.951), fluoranthene (0.943) and pyrene
(0.926). The compounds with high loading along the first factor References
are 3- and 4-ring compounds, observed mainly in gas phase
of the atmosphere, and will tend to be deposited in the barks Alaimo, M.G., Lipani, B., Lombardo, M.G., Orecchio, S., Turano, M., Melati, M.R.,
via dry gaseous and/or wet deposition. PC1 was only weakly 2000. The mapping of stress in the predominant plants in the city of Palermo
associated with the methylated PAHs, considered representative by lead dosage. Aerobiology 16, 47–54.
Baumard, P., Budzinsky, H., Garrigues, P., 1998. PAHs in Arcachon Bay,
of petrogenic sources, because of a strongly positive correlation France: Origin and biomonitoring with caged organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull.
between methylated compounds in emissions by low-temperature 36, 577–586.
Bidleman, TF., 1988. Atmos. Processes Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 361–367.
processes.
Bo ¨hm, P., Wolterbeek, H., Verburg, T., Musı ´lek, L., 1998. The use of tree bark for
The second factor is predominantly weighted in benzo(a)pyr- environmental pollution monitoring in the Czech Republic. Environ. Pollut.
ene and 9-methyl anthracene. This factor represents two PAHs, 102, 243–250.
which are commonly found in the particulate phase and are Caricchia, A.M., Chiavarini Pezza, S., 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the
urban atmospheric particulate matter in the city of Naples (Italy). Atmos.
present in almost all samples at concentrations near their Environ. 33, 3731–3738.
quantification limit. Catsky, J., Burga, C.A., Kratochwil, A., 2001. Biomonitoring: general and applied
The results also indicate the presence of a group that consists aspects on regional and global scales. Photosynthetica 39, 196.
Corte ´s, E., 2004. Investigation of air pollution in Chile using biomonitors.
of most sampling sites. Three sites are separate from the
J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 262 (1), 269–276.
group (Oreto dx, Harbour, Lenon). This confirms our experimental Culotta, L., Gianguzza, A., Orecchio, S., 2005. Leaves of nerium oleander L. as
results as at these sites we found greater total PAH concentra- bioaccumulators of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the air of
Palermo (Italy). Extr. GC–MS Anal., Distrib. Sources Polycyclic Aromat. Compds.
tions than at the others. This differentiation, for the latter
25, 327–344.
two sites, is confirmed not only by high concentrations, but Culotta, L., Melati, M.R., Orecchio, S., 2002. The use of leaves of Rosmarinus
probably also by the predominant type of emissions (diesel officinalis L. as samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assessment of
air quality in the area of Palermo. Ann. Chim. 92, 837–845.
combustions).
de Meagd, P.G-J., Vethaak, A.D., 1998. Biotransformation of PAHs and their
carcinogenic effects in fish. In: PAHs and Related Compounds—The Handbook
of Environmental Chemistry, Biology 3-J. Springer, Berlin, pp. 265–309.
Dumbar, J.C., Lin, C.I., Vergucht, I., Wong, J., Durant, J.L., 2001. Estimating contrib.
5. Conclusions Mobile Sources PAH Urban Air R. Time PAH Monit. Sci. Total Environ. 279, 1–19.
Gao, Y., Zhu, L., 2004. Plant uptake, accumulation and translocation of
Phenanthrene and Pyrene in soils. Chemosphere 55, 1169–1178.
The main remarks of the present work can be summarized as Giacalone, A., Gianguzza, A., Mannino, M.R., Orecchio, S., Piazzese, D., 2004.
follow: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of marine coastal lagoons in
Messina (Italy). Extr. GC–MS Anal. Distrib. Sources Polycyclic Aromat. Compds.
24, 135–149.
1. The present study allowed optimizing the extraction and Giovenco, A., Ottonello, D., Dia, G., Orecchio, S., 1996. Licheni ed inquinamento
atmosferico nell’aria nella zona metropolitana di. Palermo Inquinamento 3,
analytical conditions for the determination of PAH in bark of
48–52.
Pinus. Under these conditions, the recoveries are very good; in Howsam, M., Jones, K.C., 1998. Sources of PAHs in the environment. In: PAHs and
every case, they are greater than 88% and in most of the cases Related Compounds—The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry—PAHs and
Related Compounds, 3-I, Chemistry. Springer, Berlin, pp. 137–174.
near 100%. The reproducibility and detection limits are also
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 1991. Monographs on the
satisfactory, relative standard deviations are less than 12% and Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, pp. 43–53.
the detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.6 mg/kg d.w. Kim, E.J., Oh, J.E., Chang, Y.S., 2003. Eff. Forest Fire Level Distribution PCDD/Fs PAH
Soil. Sci. Total Environ. 311, 177–189.
2. The great abundance of fluoranthene and pyrene and of other Lane, D.A., 1988. The fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the atmosphere and
compounds with 3 and 4 rings (considering all the sites, the during sampling. In: Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Vo-DINH T,
sum of 3 and 4 ring compounds ranged from 62% to 100% vol. 101. Wiley, New York, pp. 31–58.
Larsen, J.C., Larsen, P.B., 1998. Chemical carcinogens. In: Hester, R.E., Harrison, R.M.
of total PAHs) found in all stations and the values of ph/ant
(Eds.), Air Pollution and Health. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge UK,
and fl/py ratios, as PAH distribution indices, has demonstrated pp. 33–56.
that most of the samples owe their PAHs to a predominant Law, R.J., Biscaya, J.L., 1994. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-problems and
single mode of origin, i.e. anthropogenic combustion or progress in sampling analysis and interpretation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 29,
235–241.
pyrolysis processes. Only in stations nos. 2 and 13, did the Lombardo, M., Melati, M.R., Orecchio, S., 2001. Assessment of the quality of the air
results show evidence for the input of PAHs from petrogenic in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on pinus needles.
sources. Atmos. Environ. 35, 6435–6445.
Macaluso, A., Melati, M.R., Orecchio, S., 2000. The use of Olea europaea L. as passive
3. The results seem to indicate that the determination of
samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Assessment Quality Air
concentrations of PAHs in the bark of Pinus offers the Palermo Annali di Chimica 90, 83–90.
0
possibility to assess the quality of air, in a determined Madejon, P., Maranon, T., Murillo Jose , M., Robinson, B., 2006. In defence of plants
as biomonitors of soil quality. Environ. Pollut. 143, 1–3.
geographical area. In such a way, the need for long term of
Malcom, H.M., Dobson, S., 1994. The Calculation of an Environmental Assessment
sampling with complex, difficult-to-handle instruments and Level (EAL) for Atmospheric PAHs Using Relative Potencies. Department of the
numerous analytical calculations is avoided. Moreover, the Environment, London.
McVeety, B., Hites, R.A., 1967. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic
results obtained with the analyses carried out on samples of
hydrocarbons to water surfaces—a mass balance approach. Atmos. Environ. 22,
bark provide mean information from the time of formation of 511–536.
the bark layer until final collection (about 1–2 years), and it is Neff, J.M., 1979. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment.
not necessary to spend much time for air sampling and waiting Sources, Fates and Biological Effects. Applied Science Publishers, London,
pp. 1–262.
for results. Nielsen, T., 1996. Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the
4. The PCA carried out on the analytical results would therefore center of a large city. Atmos. Environ. 30, 3481–3490.
suggest that, in future long-term monitoring of the considered Nisbet, I.C.T., La Goy, P.K., 1992. Toxicity equivalence factors (TEFs) for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 16, 290–300.
area, we might reduce the number of sampling sites and of
Raffaelli, D., 1996. Biomonitoring of coastal waters and estuarie. J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
analytes and, consequently, the number of analyses performed. Ecol. 198, 151–152.