Page 24 - Asylv_molars_Pmax_revised_2014_01

24

Figure
captions

Figure
1.
Examples
of
first
upper
molars
of
the
wood
mouse
(Apodemus
sylvaticus)
in
mainland

(above)
and
insular
(below)
populations.
Three
molars
from
Tourch
document
examples
of

intra-­‐population
variation.
Latitudinal
variation
within
Western
European
phylogenetic

lineage
is
exemplified
by
molars
from
Dalhem
(Belgium),
Montpellier
(France)
and
Murcia

(Spain).
The
Italian
clade
is
exemplified
by
Tarquinia.
Examples
of
islands
are
presented

below:
Oléron,
off
Western
France;
Porquerolles,
off
Southern
France,
Sardinia,
off
Italy.

Right
molars
are
represented,
anterior
part
above,
lingual
side
to
the
left.

Figure
2.
Molar
shape
differences
among
European
mainland
and
insular
populations
of
wood
mice.

(A)
Morphospace
defined
by
the
first
two
axes
of
a
PCA
on
the
Fourier
coefficient
of
the

molar
outline
analysis.
Group
means
are
represented.
Symbol
indicates
the
main

biogeographic
groups;
symbol
size
proportional
to
the
number
of
items
per
group.
Main

biogeographic
groups
are:
WF,
Western
France;
FR-­‐MED,
French
Mediterranean
area;
IBER,

Spanish
peninsula;
NE,
North-­‐Eastern
Europe;
IT,
Italian
peninsula;
NAF,
North
Africa;
SIC,

Sicily;
W-­‐ISL,
Western
French
islands;
MED-­‐ISL,
Mediterranean
islands.
Reconstructed

outlines
visualize
molar
shape
at
the
extremes
of
the
multivariate
axes.
(B)
Mean

reconstructed
outlines
for
some
groups
(upper
panel)
and
shape
changes
(lower
panel)

including:
mean
shape
differences
involved
in
some
insular
differentiation
are
depicted
(to

the
right);
shape
changes
corresponding
to
Pmax;
and
shape
changes
related
to
latitude
(to

the
left).

Figure
3.
Geographical
variation
in
the
wood
mouse
molar
morphology.
(A)
Molar
shape
variation

across
Europe.
Molar
shape
is
summarized
as
mean
scores
along
PC1
(see
Fig.
2A),

represented
as
grey
level.

(B)
Molar
size
variation.
Molar
size
is
estimated
by
mean
A0
per

localities,
represented
as
grey
level.
Symbol
size
is
proportional
to
the
number
of
items
per

groups.

Figure
4.
Relationships
between
Pmax
and
directions
of
evolution.
All
vectors
are
projected
on
the

total
morphospace
(Fig.
2A).
Vectors
pointing
in
a
similar
directions
(+
and
–
arbitrary)

suggest
that
molar
shape
changes
share
common
components.
Note
that
the
morphospace

was
constructed
using
14
shape
variables;
the
correlation
of
the
vectors
is
thus
expressed
on

a
14-­‐dimensional
space.
All
vectors
are
here
scaled
to
unity
(shown
using
a
circle
of
radius
1):

vectors
shorter
than
unity
point
into
a
multivariate
direction
out
of
the
plane.
Full
arrows:

Pmax
estimates
in
different
populations.
Grey
dotted
arrows:
evolutionary
directions.
Dark

dotted
arrows:
allometric
directions.