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E. Tondi et al. / Journal of Structural Geology 37 (2012) 53e64 63
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generally 30e100 cm long, 4e6 mm thick and resolve 2e4mmof stones: petrophysical properties. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
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Antonellini, M.A., Aydin, A., 1995. Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sand-
length relations are nicely expressed by power-law best fits in stones: geometry and spatial distribution. American Association of Petroleum
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have a well defined relationship; (ii) zones of bands are maximum Aydin, A., 1978. Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone. Pure and
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5 m long, 10 cm thick and have up to 10 cm of displacement. The
Aydin, A., Johnson, A.M., 1978. Development of faults as zones of deformation bands
two last parameters are related to the number of bands comprised and as slip surfaces in sandstone. Pure and Applied Geophysics 116, 931e942.
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distinct trends for each group of structure. The first group, con- failure modes in granular rock. Journal of Structural Geology 28, 83e98.
Baud, P., Klein, E., Wong, T.F., 2004. Compaction localization in porous sandstones:
sisting of single bands and zones of bands, shows a power-law
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scaling relation with a slope of D ¼ 0.5 in a logelog diagram, and Geology 26, 603e624.
hence a dependence of maximum displacement on the square root Baud, P., Vinciguerra, S., David, C., Cavallo, A., Walker, E., Reuschlé, T., 2009.
of length. The second group, represented by faults, shows a power- Compaction and failure in high porosity carbonates: mechanical data and
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Aside from the scientific implications of our results, they may
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also be helpful in applications such as geofluids management for induced permeability reduction in Tuffeau de Maastricht calcarenite. Acta
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synthetic fracture networks. Journal of Geophysical Research 102,
bution and understanding the extent of reservoir compartmental- 12205e12218.
ization. Indeed, the preliminary permeability measurement Cartwright, J.A., Trudgill, B.D., Mansfeld, C.S., 1995. Fault growth by segment
linkage: an explanation for scatter in maximum displacement and trace length
conducted on samples collected from our faults show values of the data from the Canyonlands Grabens of SE Utah. Journal of Structural Geology 17,
2
2
order of 10 19 m for cross-fault flow and 10 17 m for along fault 1319e1326.
flow (Faulkner’s personal communication). These values, whose Childs, C., Walsh, J.J., Watterson, J., 1990. A method for estimation of the density of
fault displacements below the limits of seismic resolution in reservoir forma-
meaning and detailed characterization will be investigated in the
tions. In: Buller, A.T., Berg, E., Hjelmeland, O., Kleppe, J., Torsaeter, O., Aasen, J.O.
future) are few order of magnitude less than the host rock (Eds.), North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs: II. Proceedings of the North Sea Oil and
permeability values (>10 15 ). A clear dependence of the fluid flow Gas Reservoirs Conference, pp. 309e318.
Cilona, A., Baud, P., Tondi, E., Agosta, F., Vinciguerra, S., Rustichelli, A., Spiers, C.J.,
paths through porous carbonate reservoirs on the orientation,
2011. Deformation bands in porous carbonate grainstones: field and laboratory
density and connectivity of shear band faults is therefore suggested observations. Journal of Structural Geology. Submitted for publication.
by the aforementioned permeability data. Cowie, P.A., Scholz, C.H., 1992. Displacement-length scaling relationship for faults:
data synthesis and discussion. Journal of Structural Geology 14, 1149e1156.
Davatzes, N.C., Aydin, A., 2003. The formation of conjugate normal fault systems in
Acknowledgments folded sandstone by sequential jointing and shearing, Waterpocket Monocline,
Utah. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B10), 2478.
This work has been supported by the Reservoir Characterization Dawers, N.H., Anders, M.H., Scholz, C.H., 1993. Growth of normal faults:
displacement-length scaling. Geology 21, 1107e1110.
Project (www.rechproject.com), the MIUR-PRIN 2009, and the Rock de Joussineau, G., Aydin, A., 2007. The evolution of the damage zone with fault
Fracture Project at Stanford University. We are grateful to D. growth in sandstone and its multiscale characteristics. Journal of Geophysical
Faulkner from the Rock Deformation Laboratory of Liverpool for the Research 112 (B12401), 19. doi:10.1029/2006JB004711.
Eichhubl, P., Hooker, J.N., Laubach, S.E., 2010. Pure and shear-enhanced compaction
permeability measurements. We acknowledge the comments and
bands in Aztec sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology 32, 1873e1886.
suggestions provided by the editor W.M. Dunne and by the two Einstein, H.H., Baecher, G.B., 1983. Probabilistic and statistical methods in engi-
reviewers, N. Dawers and H. Fossen, whose comments improved neering geology, specific methods and examples Part I: exploration. Rock
Mechanics and Rock Engineering 16, 39e72.
both quality and legibility of this paper.
Engelder, T., 1974. Cataclasis and the generation of fault gouge. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 85, 1515e1522.
Appendix. Supplementary material Ferrill, D.A., Groshong Jr., R.H., 1993. Deformation conditions in the northern
Subalpine Chain, France, estimated from deformation modes in coarse-grained
limestone. Journal of Structural Geology 15, 995e1006.
Supplementary data related to this article can be found online at Flodin, E.A., Aydin, A., 2004. Evolution of a strike-slip fault network, Valley of Fire,
doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2012.02.003. southern Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116 (1/2), 42e59.
Fossen, H., Hesthammer, J., 1997. Geometric analysis and scaling relations of
deformation bands in porous sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology 19,
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