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Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna populations
spawning duration, long lifespan) make it more vulner-
able to exploitation than tropical tuna (Fromentin and
Fonteneau, 2001). Therefore, definition of a suitable
precautionary approach that would take into account
the natural variability of the stock by determining, for
instance, a level of reference that is time-dependent
instead being a simple reference point, is crucial in terms
of fisheries management.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Duchess of Medina Sidonia, F.
Doumenge, H. Farrugio, A. Fonteneau, A. Hattour,
J. M. Ortiz de Urbina, C. Piccinetti, J. M. de la Serna,
and the late J. Rodriguez-Roda, A. Scaccini and M.
Sella, for providing data and/or giving helpful and
valuable information, and S. Delefosse, for his prelimi-
nary work. Financial support from the European project
STROMBOLI (EU-DGXIV 99/022), the French pro-
gramme PNEC (Programme National ‘‘Environnement
Coˆ tier’’) and IFREMER (PhD fellowship for the senior
author) made the analyses possible. We also thank
David Die and Tom Polacheck for their helpful and
constructive comments on the submitted manuscript.
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