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A priority list of species with the

greatest potential impact

Vigilance and regular monitoring are a critical component The present Black List, however, is not static and will need
of any effective IAS management programme and such to be revised every 2–3 years with the assistance of the
action can result in lower cost and resource use than Advisory Group and other expert groups from the
implementing a long-term control programme after an Mediterranean region (IUCN Invasive Species Specialist
Group and CIESM exotic-species experts, among others)
alien species has become established. To support
in the light of new information on risk assessments and
monitoring in Mediterranean MPAs, a priority list of the
environmental impacts.
species with the greatest potential impact (The Black List
for Mediterranean MPAs) has been developed with the This list therefore presents a wide range of marine invasive
assistance of Mediterranean taxonomic and IAS experts, organisms that occur in the Mediterranean Sea. The
following a series of evaluations and ranking exercises. species included meet one or more of the following
The purpose of the list is to help identify the most invasive criteria:
and damaging species in MPAs that may be easily
identified by non-specialists, so that they can then be a) they are known to be highly invasive in nature (high
targeted by monitoring and management actions. Some invasive potential). They are high-risk species that are
actually or potentially ecologically harmful and have the
of the species may be very harmful throughout the region,
potential to become established over large areas;
while others might be a major problem in just a few
countries or MPAs. Moreover, the Black List may serve as
b) they can be easily recognized and identified by
a basis for the development of invasive species monitoring technicians and MPA managers;
at national or MPA level if this information has not
previously been produced. Managers should focus on c) they are known to cause significant economic and
identifying IAS that are or may potentially be present in ecological impacts, degrade and transform natural
their protected areas and may become invasive, by using ecosystems, or negatively affect native species, or they
this list and any other available information from their have, or may have, deleterious effects on human
region. health.

Black List of Marine Invasive Species

Algae 15. Brachidontes pharaonis Combjellies/Ctenophores
1. Acrothamnion preissii 16. Bursatella leachii 31. Mnemiopsis leidyi
2. Asparagopsis armata 17. Chama pacifica
Fishes
3. Asparagopsis taxiformis 18. Crassostrea gigas
32. Alepes djedaba
4. Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea 19. Crepidula fornicata
33. Apogonichthyoides pharaonis
5. Caulerpa taxifolia 20. Limnoperna (Xenostrobus) securis 34. Atherinomorus forskalii
6. Codium fragile sp. fragile 21. Pinctada imbricata radiata 35. Fistularia commersonii
7. Lophocladia lallemandii 36. Lagocephalus sceleratus
22. Rapana venosa
8. Stypopodium schimperii 36. Lagocephalus spadiceus
23. Spondylus spinosus
9. Womersleyella setacea 36. Lagocephalus suezensis
24. Venerupis (Ruditapes) philippinarum
37. Nemipterus randalli
Angiosperm 38. Parexocoetus mento
Crustaceans
10. Halophila stipulacea 39. Pempheris vanicolensis
25. Marsupenaeus japonicus 40. Plotosus lineatus
Cnidarians 26. Metapenaeus monoceros 41. Sargocentron rubrum
11. Oculina patagonica 27. Metapenaeus stebbingi 42. Saurida undosquamis
12. Rhopilema nomadica 28. Percnon gibbesi 43. Siganus luridus
44. Siganus rivulatus
Molluscs Ascidians 45. Stephanolepis diaspros
13. Aplysia dactylomela 29. Herdmania momus 46. Upeneus molluccensis
14. Arcuatula (Musculista) senhousia 30. Microcosmus squamiger 47. Upeneus pori

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