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There continues to be an under representation of fisheries in the developing nations. This is also an issue that
MSC aims to address through a series of programs (see MSC 2016a).
36
Note that since my initial research and access of the website in 2012, pages featuring the Maldives were less
prominent in 2014, and then in 2016 I could not find mention of the Maldives. Production had gone to a number
of other locations. This may be due to the fact that the Maldivian tuna fishery has since been certified
sustainable by MSC and Fish4Ever do not use certified tuna. Fish4Ever (Fish4Ever 2016) state their reasons for
this on their website, differentiating themselves from big business sustainability standards with which eco-
certification is often associated. For example, a recent pedagogical ad on their website, titled Which Version of
Sustainability? differentiates Fish4Ever’s sustainability standards from ‘big business standards’. They say that
sustainability should go beyond the big business version. That is, ‘everything they [big business] do plus’ a list
of criteria that extends from the sea to the land and to people (see Fish4Ever 2016).
37 This is a topic I raise in detail by way of ethnographic encounters in southern Italian tuna fishing communities
in the second half of this thesis, when I consider the ontological and epistemological changes that are an effect
of a sustainability assemblage.
38
Cook et al. (2006) draw on Peter Miller (1997), who discusses the issue of researching and writing about
assemblages that are made up of relations and have no clear boundary.

CHAPTER 2
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In 1968 a small group of experts (scientists, science administrators, representatives from OECD and
UNESCO) from around the world gathered in Rome and established the Club of Rome (Grober 2010, p. 155).
They were summoned by Aurelio Peccei, who at the time foresaw the end of the nation- state and the process of
globalisation, what he termed “planetisation”, advancing (2010, p. 156). The Limits of Growth established a
connection between economic growth and the biosphere and argued that humans must manage the earth
collectively to ensure that we operate within its limits (Grober 2010, p. 156). The idea of ‘ultimate carrying
capacity’, a ship building term, was introduced (Grober 2010, p. 156). Later this idea would become the term
Maximum Sustainable Yield.
40
Although I raise the idea of governance in this chapter, it is not until the latter part of this thesis where I begin
to explore how a sustainability assemblage (including a four-pillar model) are part of managing forms of life,
that governance will appear relevant to my case studies. The notion of managing forms of life is inspired by
Bennett (1998), which takes a governmentality approach to cultural policy. That is, the respects in which
modern forms of government seek both to manage and to fashion cultural resources as a means of acting on the
social, but doing so indirectly through the ways in which it is calculated those cultural resources will act on
ways of life and the relationships between them’ (Bennett 1998, p. 275).
41 See Ninnes (2004) for a discussion of the issues of using cultural diversity concepts to teach a Western
science curriculum.
42 One does not have to look far on the international NGO Slow Food’s website to see evidence of this
sentiment. For example, in an article about Carlo Petrini’s (Slow Food founder) approach to diversity, Marino
Niola writes: ‘[L]ike a true anthropologist, he [Petrini] understands the wealth inherent in all difference, whether
cultural, productive or biological. He has proclaimed an ethical and cultural manifesto based on biodiversity,
territoriality and tradition, emphasizing the key role played by a community context which is not closed to
innovation or fertilization from outside’ (2003, para. 4).
43 I focus on traditional and local, rather than indigenous, in this thesis as they are related to my case studies.
44
I am aware that in this chapter I have cast a critical eye over critiques of a nature/culture binary and global
forms of knowledge, including the term Western knowledge. However, I am not suggesting that this reflexive
work should cease. Indeed, it will become clear in the next chapter just how pervasive these global forms of
knowledge are in defining the terms of sustainability.

CHAPTER 3
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Reg Watson and Daniel Pauly (2001) also argue that the misreporting of catch by nations with large fisheries
(in particular China) has skewed the global fishery statistics.
46
Over the previous century sustainability has achieved an ‘adaptation’ of its meaning. The word sustainable
appears in the 1919 edition of the and there are two definitions ‘1. Capable of being borne or endured;
supportable, bearable; 2. Capable of being upheld or defended; maintainable’ (Onion 1919, p. 263). There are
thirteen definitions of sustain, none with reference to the environment (Onion 1919, pp. 262-263). In the
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English published in 1974, sustainable, which would appear between
sustain and sustenance, is absent (Hornby 1974). Only a decade or so on, and definitions of sustainable become
increasingly detailed and prolific. In the Second Edition of the Macquarie Dictionary, first published in 1981
and reprinted in 1992, sustainable along with sustainability appear as derivatives of sustain and we begin to see

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