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112 F. Badalamenti et al.

Table 1 Summary of the EU Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs) at June 1999 (excludes fishery reserves). M
municipality; MR marine reserve; NG national government; NGO non-governmental organization; NP national
park; NR nature reserve; P marine park; PLA public local authority (council and/or province); RC regional
council; RG regional government; RMP regional marine park; RNP regional natural park; N no; NY not yet;
Y yes; ? no data available.
MPA name Region Size Established Regulation Status Managed by Potential Zonation
(ha) in approved managing body
Spain
1 Medes Cataluña 21.5 1983/90 Y P RG N/Y
2 Tabarca Valencia 1400 1986 Y MR NGRGM Y
3 Columbretes Islands Valencia 4000 1990 Y MR NGRG Y
4 Cabrera Baleares 8164 1991 Y NP NGRG Y
5 San Antonio Valencia 85 1993 Y MR NGRG N
6 Ses Negres Valencia 80 1993 Y MR RGNGO N
7 Cabo de Gata Andalucia 12 200 1987/95 Y NPMR NGRG Y
8 Cabo de Palos Murcia 1898 1995 Y MR NGRG Y
9 Alboran Andalucia 49 444 1997 Y MR NGRG Y
10 Cabo de Creus Cataluña 3073 1998 Y P RG Y
11 Formentera Baleares ? 1995 ? P RG ?
France
12 Port Cros îles d’Hyères Var 1800 1963 Y NP NP of Port Cros Y
13 Banyuls-Cerbère Pyrenees 650 1974 Y NR RC Languedoc- Y
Roussillon
14 Scandola Corsica 1000 1975 Y NR RNP of Corsica Y
15 Lavezzi Corsica 5000 1982 Y NR RNP of Corsica Y
16 Larvotto Monaco 50 ? ? ? ?
Italy
17 Ustica Sicily 16 000 1986–87 Y MR Ustica Council Y
18 Miramare Gulf of Friuli 127 1986–87 Y MR WWF Y
Trieste
19 Isole Tremiti Puglia 1509 1989 NY MR NP of Gargano Y
20 Capo Rizzuto Calabria 13 500 1991–92 Y MR Province of Crotone Y
21 Torre Guaceto Puglia 2207 1991–92 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
22 Isole Egadi Sicily 53 810 1991–92 1996 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
23 Isole Ciclopi Sicily 902 1991–92 1996 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
24 Golfo di Portofino Liguria 372 1997–98 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
25 Isole di Ventotene Lazio 2787 1997–98 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
e S.Stefano
26 Cinque Terre Liguria 2784 1997–98 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
27 Punta Campanella Campania 1128 1997–98 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
28 Penisola del Sinis Sardegna 30 357 1997–98 NY MR Council of Cabras PLA Y
Isola Mal di Ventre
29 Tavolara Punta Sardegna 15 091 1997–98 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
Coda Cavallo
30 Porto Cesareo Puglia 17 156 1997–98 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
31 Capo Carbonara Sardegna 8857 1998–99 NY MR Provisional body PLA Y
32 Secche della Meloria Toscana ? 1998–99 ? NP NP Arc. Tosc. PLA ?
Greece
33 Alonnisos Sporades 220 000 1992 Y NP NG Y

measure, trawling has been banned inside the continental increase in catch per unit effort as a result of a four-year
shelf of three gulfs in Sicily since 1990 (Pipitone et al. unpub- trawling ban in the Gulf of Castellammare in Sicily (Pipitone
lished data 2000). There is an almost total lack of research of et al. 1996) and improved economic revenue for the small-
any kind as regards the effects of these protective measures, scale fishers there (D. Whitmarsh, C. James, H. Pickering, C.
socio-economic or otherwise. Overall, only one published Pipitone, F. Badalamenti & G. D’Anna, unpublished data
study demonstrated potential benefits, namely an eight-fold April 1999).