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Cultural and socio-economic factors in marine protected areas 113

Table 2 EU marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Mediterranean at June 1999 (excludes fishery reserves): (a) by number
and (b) by area. ( including Larvotto, which is actually located in Monaco; ° not including Secche della Meloria in the
Arcipelago Toscano National Park; * not including Formentera in the Balearic Islands).
(a) Number
Number % on islands % on capes or promontories % other locations
Spain 11 64 27 9
France 5 60 0 40
Italy 16 53 20 27
Greece 1 100 0 0
Total 33 58 18 24

(b) Area
Area (ha) % on islands % on capes or promontories % other locations
*Spain 82 366.5 76 21 3
France 8500 92 0 8
°Italy 166 587 78 9 13
Greece 220 000 100 0 0
Total 477 453.5 88 7 5

Table 3 Management of Mediterranean MPAs in Spain. CF commercial fishing; D diving; F forbidden; M
mooring; RA regulated by area; RF recreational fishing (angling); RG regulated by gear; RN regulated by number;
SD skin diving, snorkelling; SF spearfishing, U uncontrolled; V visitors; VC visitor centre; N no; Y yes;
? no data available.
MPA name SF RF CF M V D SD VC
Medes F RA RA/RG RA U U/RN U N
Tabarca F RA RA/RG/RN RA U RA/RN RA N
I. Columbretes F RA RG RA/RN RA/RN RA/RN RA Y
Cabrera F F RA/RG/RN RA/RN RA/RN RA/RN RA Y
San Antonio F F F F RA/RN N
Ses Negres F F F ? RA/RN N
Cabo de Gata F RA RA/RG RA U RA/RN RA Y
Cabo de Palos F RA RA/RG ? U RA/RN N
Alboran F ? RA ? ? RA/RN N
Cabo de Creus F RA RA/RG ? U RA/RN N

These protected areas (that is, no-fishing zones or Yugoslavia), the eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus, Israel,
restricted fishing areas) can be defined according to Auster Lebanon and Turkey) and north Africa (Algeria, Morocco
and Shackell (1997) as fishery reserves: spatially bounded and Tunisia), while none exist in Albania, Bosnia, Libya and
areas in which the harvesting of marine resources is restricted Syria. Two fishing reserves exist in Egypt (Cognetti 1991).
or forbidden. Such areas may be temporarily or permanently Israel has only very small protected areas, a number of which
closed to all fisheries or may be closed to specific types of are close to the shore to protect structures of the Vermetid
fishing gear and can be assigned to category VI of the IUCN gastropod Dendropoma petraeum (R. Ortal, personal
classification (Kelleher & Kenchington 1992; Gubbay 1995). communication June 1998). A small area is also protected in
In this sense, MPAs in categories I–IV in the IUCN classifi- Cyprus for the endangered marine turtle Caretta caretta.
cation may include fishery reserves but not vice versa. While Turkey is very active in protecting its coasts. Since 1989,
the ecological effects of these two types of MPAs are compar- 385 000 ha have been placed under protection (Kelleher et al.
able, the social and cultural aspects differ substantially. 1995), and as in Greece, protection of the monk seal is
considered one of the most important priorities. The import-
ance of involving fishermen in conservation initiatives has
Mediterranean MPAs in non-EU countries
been noted.
A number of MPAs exist in Mediterranean countries which
are not part of the EU, but information regarding the socio- General considerations on Mediterranean MPAs
economic and socio-cultural effects is practically
non-existent (Werner 1999). MPAs have been established Apart from the biological and ecological aspects, a number of
along the coasts of the Adriatic (Croatia, Slovenia and geographical factors will affect the success of MPAs, such as