Page 9 - Badalamenti_Ramos_2000

118 F. Badalamenti et al.

(Salm & Clark 1984; Dixon & Sherman 1991). One particular and Prof. C.F. Boudouresque for providing the literature on
reason for this is the problem of placing an economic value on French MPAs. Thanks also to Helen Main for help with the
biodiversity through the use of contingent valuation method- editing of the manuscript and Drs C. Pepe and R. Abbate for
ology (CVM), an approach which requires particular care in their suggestions. This paper was realized with funds from
order to elicit valid and reliable results (Turner & Adger the EU CEC DGXII–MAST III contract number: MAS3-
1996). The wider implications of MPAs for commercial fish- ct97–0155.
eries are similarly difficult to assess, and bioeconomic
modelling may be required to identify the circumstances in
which zones closed to fishing will produce overall net gains to References
society. Examples of such studies include those by Holland Agardy, M.T. (1993) Accommodating ecotourism in multiple use
and Brazee (1996), Hannesson (1998) and J.C.V. Pezzey, planning of coastal and marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal
C.M. Roberts & B.T. Urdal, (personal communication June Management 20: 219–39.
1998). Agardy, M.T. (1994) Advances in marine conservation: the role of
In order to avoid or reduce the conflicts between economic marine protected areas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9(7):
exploitation for uses such as tourism, recreation and fishing 267–70.
and conservation, several strategies have been proposed. Agardy, M.T. (1997) Marine Protected Areas and Ocean
Conservation. USA: R.G. Landes Company & Academic Press:
Amongst these is the use of education to increase environ-
244 pp.
mental awareness and reduce the negative impact of visitors
Albeza, E., Bayle, J.T., García, M.C., Nogués, M.J., Plá, M.J.,
in popular sites. A judicious blend of regulation and econ-
Ramos, A.A. & Robles, P. (1994) Resultados de un censo de usos
omic measures such as entrance fees is needed (Davis & turísticos en la Reserva marina de Tabarca (Alicante) In: Trabajos
Tisdell 1996). An important management tool could be de Campo en la Reserva Marina de Tabarca (Alicante), pp. 83–96.
rational zonation (Laffoley 1995) which takes into consider- A.A. Ramos (Coord.) Alicante, Spain: Publicaciones de la
ation both traditional and new resource uses such as selective Universidad de Alicante – Institut d’Ecologia Litoral.
small-scale fishing and eco-tourism in delimited sub-areas. It Alcala, A.C. & Russ, G.R. (1990) A direct test of the effects of
is also important to define the social and biological carrying protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine
capacity of MPAs and to formulate suitable management resources. Journal du Conseil pour l’Exploration de la Mer 46:
40–7.
responses to prevent deterioration and the consequent loss of
Alder, J. (1996) Costs and effectiveness of education and enforce-
their value (Davis & Tisdell 1995).
ment, Cairns section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
Nonetheless, any one reference model cannot be
Environmental Management 20(4): 541–51.
considered valid for the whole Mediterranean: as explained,
Andersson, J.E.C. (1998) The value of coral reefs for the current
there is a wide diversity in the characteristics of MPAs and and potential tourism industry on Unguja. In: Coral Reefs: Values,
this requires different weightings to be assigned to each Threats and Solutions, ed. R.W. Johnstone, J. Francis & C.A.
factor in order to achieve a durable equilibrium and realize Muhando, pp. 89–90. Proceedings of the National Conference on
original objectives for them. Coral Reefs, Zanzibar. Nairobi: SIDA/UDSM/UNEP.
Andersson, J.E.C. & Ngazi, Z. (1995) Marine resource use and the
What future for Mediterranean MPAs? establishment of a marine park: Mafia Island, Tanzania. Ambio
24(7–8): 475–81.
The MPAs of the Mediterranean need, and will in future Anon. (1993) Hotel chains in the Asia Pacific region. World Travel
need, to be reconsidered in a more holistic way. A network of and Tourism Review: 59.
MPAs similar to that suggested by Brunckhorst and Arculeo, M., Riggio, S. & Andaloro, F. (1994) Un aperçu sur les
Bridgwater (1995), could be an appropriate solution for the relations entre la pêche artisanale et le milieu côtier en Sicilie.
Mediterranean. Applying to such a network a bioregional Pour qui la Méditerranée au 21ème siècle? Acte du Colloque
scale, which encompasses the physical, biological, economic Scientifique, Montpellier, France, 22–23 avril 1993, pp. 24–32.
Montpellier, France: Maison de l’Environnement.
and sociological dimensions, could contribute to the
Augier, H. (1991) Parcs marins dans la Méditerranée. L’esperience
maintenance of ecological processes and the functions of
française. Côtes et parcs marins de la Méditerranée. Actes du
ecosystems, together with their cultural and social structure
Colloque Bastia, 4e Colloque Organisé par le Centre Naturopa.
(Brunckhorst & Bridgwater 1995). A network of
Bastia (Corse), 30 May–1 June 1991, pp. 42–8. Bastia, Corsica:
Mediterranean bioregional MPAs could provide for the Centre Naturopa.
exchange of information in the different Mediterranean Auster, P.J. & Shackell, N.L. (1997) Fishery reserves. In: Northwest
areas, including non-EU marine areas. The biological and Atlantic Groundfish: Perspectives on a Fishery Collapse, ed. J.G.
ecological values of MPAs, however, should not be allowed to Boreman, B.S. Nakashima, J.A. Wilson & R.L. Kendall, pp.
take precedence over their social and cultural worth. 159–66. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society.
Bachet, F. (1991) Assessment of the economic impact of the “côte
bleue” regional marine park Mediterranean protected areas
Acknowledgements
network. Economic Impact of the Mediterranean Coastal Protected
The authors would like to thank Dr Ruggirello from Nautilus Areas. Ajaccio (Corse – Corsica) 26–28 September 1991, pp.
for information about the Egadi Islands and Dr J. Harmelin 43–5.