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documented up to 7 m above present on the Roman
columns (cf. Lyell, 1877) and have been dated more
recently by Morhange et al. (1999). Because of the
irregular nature of these movements the information
from this site is not used in the sea-level analysis but we occur at 1.5–3.4 m above sea level. The error bars for the
return to it in the discussion section.
12. Palinuro (Scaletta cave): The Palinuro promon-
tory is a morphostructural high with peaks of 170 m that
merges landward into the main carbonate relief of the
southern Apennines. Speleothems from the Scaletta cave
were sampled at depths between 27 and 48 m and yielded
ages from 8.4 to 10.2 ka cal. BP (Alessio et al., 1996;
Antonioli and Oliverio, 1996). All of the sampled
speleothems showed a marine crust of serpulids over
karstic material and in some lithophaga occurred as the
first marine colonizers of the karstic speleothem during
the sea-level rise. The accuracy of the depth measure-
ments, including depth-gauge uncertainties, tidal correc-
tions and sampling position, are estimated to be 70.5 m.
A precision survey of morphological and stratigraphical
relationships indicates that the Palinuro Cape is
tectonically quasi-stable (Antonioli et al., 1996a). The
Tyrrhenian (MIS 5.5) sea-level marker elevation is well
developed at 10 sites where well-carved marine notches
occur at elevations of 2.1–2.2 m above present mean sea
level. Thus, we assume a slow subsidence of about
À0.0470.03 mm yrÀ1, a rate that is consistent with
tectonic stability.
13. Briatico: The evidence from this archaeological
site on the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria consists of fish
tanks that are characteristic of the Roman epoch. The
archaeological age of this feature is 0 AD, consistent
with a radiocarbon age (1.88 ka cal. BP) of wood used in
repairs to the foundations of one of the tanks. The mean
sea level at this epoch is estimated to have been the same
as its present value (Esposito et al., 2004). A MIS 5.5
inner margin was found in terraces at 65 m above sea
level (Miyauchi et al., 1994) yielding an average tectonic
uplift rate of 0.4770.04 mm yrÀ1. Well-carved marine
notches also occur within the tanks and post-date their
construction. In so far as sea levels at other stable sites Capo has been subjected to an average, long-term uplift
indicate that levels during the Late Holocene occurred
below present, this indicates that the uplift continued
into recent time at a rate about equal to the a-tectonic
sea-level rise.
14. Scilla: At three locations at this site in southern
Calabria, Antonioli et al. (2004a, b) identified Holocene
fossiliferous beach deposits at elevations between 3 and
3.4 m above present sea level with 14C ages of between
2.7 and 3.9 ka cal. BP. The inner margin of an
impressive terrace related to the MIS 5.5 highstand by
Miyauchi et al. (1994) occurs at 125 m above sea level,
giving a tectonic uplift rate of 0.9570.06 mm yrÀ1. A
lower limit of the positional uncertainties of 2 m for the
non-infralittoral sampled fossils has been established
from subsurface morphology transects.
15. Taormina: Data from Taormina, eastern Sicily,
have been reported by Stewart et al. (1997) and
Antonioli et al. (2003). Dated samples of lithophaga,
cladocora and vermetids from 1.8 up to 5.9 ka cal. BP
intertidal Vermetids Dendropoma is 70.10 m. Observa-
tions along scuba transects provide a lower limit for the
non-infralittoral fossils of about 2 m below the sample
position. The MIS 5.5 highstands, consisting of an inner
margin of a terrace with fossiliferous conglomerates
(dated by Antonioli et al., 2002b), lie above the
Holocene uplifted fossils at 115 m, giving an uplift rate
of about 0.8770.06 mm yrÀ1.
16. Capo Zafferano: A deposit of shell remains
(Patella ferruginea with Trochus sp.) associated with
stone artifacts (weapons, scrapers, etc.) of Mesolithic
age has been identified in an emerged karstic cave.
Underwater investigation of the site, now completely
isolated from the sea by steep walls, indicate a
submerged terrace at À20 m that formed a continuous
strip around the promontory and which provided access
to the cave during Mesolithic time. The observation is
an upper limit estimate, consisting of remains of
Neolithic occupation in a cave only accessible from the
rock platform. The site is west facing and today is
subject to storm-wave action up to 6 m above sea level.
Thus for the deposits to have survived, the human
occupation would have corresponded to a time when the
platform was at least this high above sea level. The shells
give an age of 9.5 ka cal. BP. Antonioli et al. (1994) also
identified the MIS 5.5 transgression at Capo Zafferano
from Tyrrhenian deposits at 3 m that correlate with a
marine notch at 7 m. Thus the area is assumed to have
been tectonically stable.
17. San Vito lo Capo: Antonioli et al. (1999a) collected
two vermetid reef samples from San Vito lo Capo
(Sicily) at À0.3 and À0.4 m with 14C-determined ages of
0.2 and 0.4 ka cal. BP from B2 cm thick samples. At the
time of sampling, modern Dendropoma were living on
the top of the reef. The northwest coast of San Vito lo
of only B5 Â 10À3 mm yrÀ1 for the past 125,000 years
(Antonioli et al., 1999b) and in the first instance we
consider this to be a stable site.
18. Marettimo Island: The island of Marettimo is
located in the archipelago of the Egadi (Sicily). In the
southern portion of the island a submerged karstic
system has been preserved consisting of a wide
horizontal tunnel. Inside the cave Antonioli et al.
(2002a) sampled, at a depth of 2470.5 m, a stalactite
covered by serpulids and containing Lithodoma. The
14C-based age of the latter is 9.6 ka cal. BP. Fossiliferous
sand and conglomerates, containing S. bubonis, occur in
small borders along the shoreline of the island at
between 2 and 10 m above sea level and these establish
that the marine notches carved from 5 to 8.20 m